Otomotif Volkswagen
Background The emergence of Volkswagen
Volkswagen originally founded in 1937 by Nazi trade union, the German Trade Union (Deutsche Arbeitsfront). [1] Until the early 1930s the German car maker is still a lot of luxury car manufacturer, and the average German people can not buy more rather than a motor. Seeing a potential market, some car manufacturers make their own projects for the "people's car" like a Mercedes 170H, Adler Autobahn, Steyr 55, Hanomag 1.3L, and others. This trend is not really a new trend, as Béla Barényi was listed as the designer's first "people's car" in the mid-1920s. Josef Ganz himself developed the Standard Superior (and in the ad called "German People's Car" (Volkswagen German)). [2] [broken citation needed] In addition, in Czechoslovakia, Hans Ledwinka also developed a Tatra T77, the car is very popular among German elite . This car later became smaller and more affordable price. But, until 1933, much of the project is still in early stages of development or production. Adolf Hitler said it would create a "people's car" (Volkswagen). Hitler wanted a standard car with a capacity of 2 adults and 3 children and the speed 100 km / h (62 mi / h). This people's car will be available for the people of the Nazis at a price of 990 Reichsmarks, for a small motor at the time (average income of the population was about 32 Reichsmarks per week). [3]Engineers selected to develop this project was Ferdinand Porsche cars. At that Porsche has become the designer Mercedes 170H and also worked on the Steyr for a few moments late 1920s. Porsche opens its first design studio and then make the project "Auto für Jedermann" (car for all) with NSU and Zündapp, both of which are motor manufacturers. June 22, 1934, Dr. Ferdinand Porsche agreed to make the people's car for Hitler.Thus, the change begins with earned improvements in fuel efficiency, durability, easy to use, and parts are cheap and efficient. In the scheme of government aid given to the German people, there are the words ("Die Woche Mark Fünf musst sparen Du, Du willst fahren im eigenen Wagen" - "Five marks a week should you save, if you want to drive your own car") . prototype car appeared in 1936 under the name "KdF-Wagen" made in Stuttgart. The engine is air cooled, 4 cylinder, and is located in the rear. The company name was created with the name of the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH on May 28, 1937. Dated 16 September 1938 was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH". [4]VW Type 82E
Erwin Komenda, the designer of the Auto Union, developed the car body, which is now known as the Beetle shape is unique. This car is one of the first car to be refined using a wind tunnel.The factory building itself was started May 26, 1938 in a town called KdF-Stadt (now Wolfsburg). Unfortunately, this plant produces only a few cars since World War II broke out in 1939. One of its production, Type 1 Cabriolet presented to Hitler on 20 April 1938, on Hitler's 49th birthday. When World War II began, the plant used to produce military vehicles. The factory used to produce cars where Kubelwagen Type 82 (Model Car VW's most famous war) and the amphibious car Schwimmwagen. But, mid-war, the city of KdF-Stadt and its plants in the heavily damaged by bombs.
Erwin Komenda, the designer of the Auto Union, developed the car body, which is now known as the Beetle shape is unique. This car is one of the first car to be refined using a wind tunnel.The factory building itself was started May 26, 1938 in a town called KdF-Stadt (now Wolfsburg). Unfortunately, this plant produces only a few cars since World War II broke out in 1939. One of its production, Type 1 Cabriolet presented to Hitler on 20 April 1938, on Hitler's 49th birthday. When World War II began, the plant used to produce military vehicles. The factory used to produce cars where Kubelwagen Type 82 (Model Car VW's most famous war) and the amphibious car Schwimmwagen. But, mid-war, the city of KdF-Stadt and its plants in the heavily damaged by bombs.
The company is indebted to a British soldier named Ivan Hirst because he has been credited with reviving the company after the war ended. Month of April 1945, KdF-Stadt, and the factory was heavily damaged, was invented by the Americans and then they give it to the UK. Volkswagen factory and controlled under the control of Hirst. First, Hirst plans to use this plant as a military vehicle maintenance. Because this place has been previously used for military purposes, the plant can be saved as a form of war reparations. Hirst then it becomes green paint factory, and then he showed it to the headquarters of the British Army. Then, the British Army also agreed to rebuild the plant by deploying 20,000 troops in September 1945. Hundreds of the first cars produced are given on their own personnel and also for the German Post Office.Some British soldiers are allowed to bring them to the VW Beetle was brought to England when they were mobilized to go back there. One of the few cars that are brought to the UK still exists and is owned by Peter Colborne-Baber (UK car registration no JLT 420). [5]In 1946, this plant is capable of producing 1,000 cars a month. A remarkable achievement because the factory itself was still fixed. If it rains, even had to stop production because of the windows and roof of the factory was damaged.After World War II, the town changed its name to Wolfsburg and the car was renamed the "Volkswagen". Production is increasing. Is still not clear what the plant is used for at that time. They offered to produce cars from American manufacturers, British, or French, but they all refused.Ford's own party also think that car manufacturers are actually not bad, as was said by Henry Ford II, son of Edsel Ford. Henry Ford II preached ever likely to take over VW factory, but then cancel the plan after seeing that the city of Wolfsburg is too close to the border with East Germany.New in 1948, the plant was handed over to Germany, and became a major economic cog for West Germany. In fact, the production of the Volkswagen Beetle Type-1 reached 1 million units in 1955.
While it is occupying Germans, the Allies implement policies in accordance with the Morgenthau Plan, which eliminates all potential weapons of war in the future. As part of this industry in Germany will be detained. German production cars at that time was limited to a maximum of 10% of total car production in 1936.
As mentioned above, the Volkswagen factory in Wolfsburg is controlled by the British in 1945, and its parts will be dismantled and taken to England. Luckily, no British car manufacturer wants to take over the plant. Finally, the plant survived by producing cars for the British Army. The Allies had finally changed the policy of "dismantling" them at the end of 1946 until mid 1947, although the policy for the heavy equipment industry continued until 1951. Thanks to the services of a British Army Ivan Hirst, Volkswagen managed to survive in difficult times, to then get up and be part of the German economic recovery.
As mentioned above, the Volkswagen factory in Wolfsburg is controlled by the British in 1945, and its parts will be dismantled and taken to England. Luckily, no British car manufacturer wants to take over the plant. Finally, the plant survived by producing cars for the British Army. The Allies had finally changed the policy of "dismantling" them at the end of 1946 until mid 1947, although the policy for the heavy equipment industry continued until 1951. Thanks to the services of a British Army Ivan Hirst, Volkswagen managed to survive in difficult times, to then get up and be part of the German economic recovery.
Beginning in 1948, Volkswagen became a very important element, both symbolic and economic, for the regeneration of West Germany. Heinrich Nordhoff (1899-1968), former senior manager at Opel, recruited by the company to run this plant in 1948. In 1949, Ivan Hirst left the company because it's controlled by the West German government and the state of Lower Saxony. Outside the commercial model and the Volkswagen Type 2 VW Karmann Ghia sports car, Nordhoff seek a model policy until his death in 1968.Volkswagen began selling cars in the United States in 1949, but in only 2 units were sold. When he first entered the U.S. market, Volkswagen cars sold under the name "Victory Wagon". Volkswagen America was established in April 1955 to improve standards and quality and service in the United States. Sales of the Volkswagen Beetle Type 1 continued to increase until it touches the production of one million units in 1955.In Canada, VW Canada's first car order dated July 10, 1952. Volkswagen products were first introduced in the Canadian public on the Canadian National Exhibition in August 1952 and well received. The first order arrived in Toronto in December 1952. In 1955, Volskwagen established a factory covering an area of 32-acre (130 000 m²) in Scarboro's Golden Mile. Here, the administration building, showrooms, service, parts and repair of 60,000-ft ² (5.600 m²) built, and added more warehouses of 60,000 feet (18,000 m) which was built in 1957.Volkswagen sales were up finally, thanks to the help of the advertising agency Doyle, Dane Bernbach, based in New York. In addition, although the whole world was officially named Beetle car, but in the U.S. VW Beetle was never officially named, only referred to as Type 1.Over time, the car is starting to look outdated in the 1960s and the 1970s, but thanks to good advertising and good reputation as a reliable car, Volkswagen Beetle may finally pass through the sales record of Ford Model T. Dated February 17, 1972, the Beetle has sold 15,007,034. So since then Volkswagen Beetle has a title as the largest selling car for one type of model.To celebrate the success of the Beetle through the sale of Ford Model T and also the success of the Baja 1000 race in Mexico, Volskwagen also produce a special edition of the Beetle. This car is sold under the name "Baja Champion SE" [8] in the United States and "Marathon" Superbeetle in other parts of the world.
mechanical Type 3. In 1969, VW also unveiled a model Type 4 (411 and 412). The differences found in these new cars compared to the previous car body construction is the introduction of monokok, the choice of automatic transmission, electronic fuel injection, and its driving force is greater. Volkswagen also added a "Super Beetle" [9] (Type 113) on its line in 1971. Beetle Type 113 has been used MacPherson strut front suspension, while the Beetle used to just use a torsion beam suspension. The front of the Type 113 is also longer spare was 2 mm so that it can fit completely. Even so, among the puritans, regular Beetle (which is shorter and the front suspension is torsion beam) is even more popular than "Super Beetle". In 1973, Volkswagen introduced the Type 181 military-themed car, or "Trekker" in Europe and the UK. Military version of this car was produced in 1970-1979 for the German Army. In the United States, the car was only sold for 2 years, 1973 to 1974.
Volkswagen Type 4 assembly line in Wolfsburg in 1973 In 1964, Volkswagen purchased Auto Union success, and in 1969 they bought the NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU). This company used to have historical Audi brand, a brand that disappeared after the outbreak of World War II. VW finally combines Auto Union and Audi NSU to form the present company. Auto Union and NSU Pembelian proved to be an important point in the history of Volkswagen, because the two companies are donating their technological sophistication of the Volkswagen, which can make the VW survive when demand for their cars dropped dramatically in the 1970s.
Volkswagen Type 4 assembly line in Wolfsburg in 1973 In 1964, Volkswagen purchased Auto Union success, and in 1969 they bought the NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU). This company used to have historical Audi brand, a brand that disappeared after the outbreak of World War II. VW finally combines Auto Union and Audi NSU to form the present company. Auto Union and NSU Pembelian proved to be an important point in the history of Volkswagen, because the two companies are donating their technological sophistication of the Volkswagen, which can make the VW survive when demand for their cars dropped dramatically in the 1970s.
Volkswagen has a serious problem in 1973. [10] Sales of the model, Type 3 and Type 4 appears still much smaller than the Beetle sales, in addition to the NSU-K70 also failed to attract buyers. Sales of own Beetle began to fall sharply in Europe and the U.S. market. Production of the VW Beetle know if it should end at some time later, but think about his successor was a nightmare. Fortunately, VW has been the owner of the Audi / Auto Union, which is proven to be the key to solving this problem. Previously, it has been a member of the Auto Union in the field of front wheel drive and water cooled engine, which can be used to make rectifiers Volkswagen Beetle. Audi influential in Volkswagen cars pengembangkan the next generation, for example, Passat, Scirocco, Golf and Polo.Volkswagen Passat (Dasher in the U.S.), introduced in 1973, was a fastback version of the Audi 80, so many use the same parts. Wagonnya station version is also available in many countries. Station wagon version of this car dominated the market for several years.In spring 1974, the Scirocco is released. Coupe car by Giorgetto Giugiaro is designed. Basisnya taken from the Golf, that moment has not been released. This car is produced in VW Karmann factory capacity because that is not enough.The next model is very important that finally released the name of the Volkswagen Golf in 1974. In the U.S. and Canada, this car is called the Rabbit for the first generation (1975-1985) and the fifth generation (2006-2009). His stiff style designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italy). This mobile design with the latest trends started by a small car Mini in 1959. VW Golf is using transverse front engine, water cooled, front wheel berpenggerak and hatchback form. Beetle production at Wolfsburg stopped after the introduction of the Golf to the market. Beetle production was extended to the factory in Hanover and Emden until 1978, and then transferred again to Brazil and Mexico.In 1975, Volkswagen Polo launched. A repeat nomination from Audi 50, which was then the car stopped production in 1978. VW Volkswagen Polo a base from Derby, which was launched in 1977. Having launched its second generation, VW stopped production in 1985 Derby.VW Passat, Scirocco, Golf and Polo uses a lot of spare parts and machines.
When the Volkswagen lineup is almost the same as other European car maker, Volkswagen Golf become the foundation of this company's sales. In fact, this car also becomes the basis for several other cars. There is already a six-generation VW Golf is made. The first generation of VW Golf went on sale since the summer of 1974 until the year 1983 (sold as the Rabbit in the U.S. and Canada, as well as the Caribe in Latin America). The chassis of the car is shared with the Volkswagen Scirocco, Volkswagen Jetta, Volkswagen Golf (convertibel), and the Volkswagen Caddy. Rabbit production in the North American market beginning in Westmoreland Volkswagen assembly plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania, in 1978. The first-generation VW Golf assemble at this plant until spring 1984. The second generation of the VW Golf / Jetta launched late 1983 to late 1991. In South Africa, sales of the VW Golf (named after the Citi Golf) The first generation is increasing from year to year. South African imports from the factory VW Golf in Pennsylvania, USA.In the 1980s, Volkswagen sales in the United States and Canada began to fall sharply. This is because the manufacturers of the United States alone, and Japan began to compete to create a similar car with a cheaper price. Sales in the United States reached 293 595 units in 1980, but in 1984 they only sold 177 709 units. [11] VW was immediately launched the second generation Golf, GTI and Jetta to increase sales in North America. Motor Trend magazine called the GTI itself as the "Car of the Year" (Car of the Year) in 1985, and customer satisfaction ratings rose from the position of the Volkswagen-22 in 1984 to the 8th position in 1985. [12] Sales in the in 1985 was increased to over 200,000 units. A year later, the sale of this manufacturer back down. VW chairman, Carl Hahn, VW decided to expand in emerging markets, so that eventually Factory New Stanton, Pennsylvania was closed on July 14, 1988. [13] In the following year, four years after making an agreement with the Spanish car company SEAT in 1982, Hahn perform business expansion in VW to buy 75% stake in SEAT in late 1986. VW's Spanish company was fully acquired in 1990. [14]Volkswagen entered the supermini car market in 1975 with the launch of Volkswagen Polo, a hatchback 3-door car with a cabin that relief, designed by Bertone. This car is sold successfully in the markets of West Germany and Western Europe. This car is also the first successful small-car market in the United Kingdom. The second generation of this car, which was launched in 1981, also increased its sales and increase the success of Volkswagen. The third generation of public Polo was introduced in 1994.
In 1991, Volkswagen launched the third generation Golf. This car also got the title of European Car of the Year in 1992. MK3 Golf and Jetta was introduced in Southern California markets of North America in late spring of 1993. Sedan version of the car is named the Vento in Europe, but still called Jetta in the U.S..In the 1990s, VW began to raise its market class to class market that was once occupied by Audi. This is because Audi is now well into the next grade and compete with other luxury car manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz and BMW. Meanwhile, other manufacturers under the VW Group, Skoda and SEAT namely, the class turns occupying the market left by VW.At the end of 1997 VW Golf MK4 launched. The chassis of this car back to share with other Volkswagen Group cars are Jetta, New Beetle, SEAT Toledo, SEAT León, Audi A3, Audi TT and Skoda Octavia.Another model was owned by VW Polo hatchback them, and the Passat sedan. Then there are also Scirocco and Corrado coupe that its base is also of the VW Golf.Volkswagen New BeetleIn 1994, Volkswagen to divulge a concept car called Concept One, a car-themed "retro"-like shape with the Beetle. Due to good response from the community about this concept car, the production version of this car was eventually developed and named the Volkswagen New Beetle. Base of the car itself is larger than the VW Golf. [15]Finally VW markets in North America climbed since the latest generation Golf and Jetta was launched there. VW also provide additional bike racks on the Jetta sedan in 1996. The emergence of the New Beetle and the fifth generation of the Passat part in contributing to increased sales of these brands.In the UK, Volkswagen increased market share in the 1990s. In 1990, VW Golf is the most popular car to-12 in the UK with sales approaching 50,000 units. VW Polo MK3 also obtained a similar success in the 1990s. In 1999, VW Golf MK4 VW managed to be first on the list of 10 most popular new car in the UKIn the late 1990s, under the leadership of CEO Ferdinand Piech, VW already has 3 luxury brands: Audi, Bentley, and Bugatti. Lamborghini Audi plans to include a small super car which will be called Gallardo, Murciélago also other super cars, and later Reventon. At the end of 2008, the Lamborghini car showcase their 4-door sedan concept called the Lamborghini Estoque.For Bentley, their future within the Volkswagen Group began to look brighter when Bentley Bentley Continental managed to increase sales to reach 10,000 units.Bugatti, after VW bought the rights to use the brand, soon showed three concept cars, including the Bugatti EB110 (coupe and saloon) and the Bugatti Chiron. Bugatti Veyron then launched, the car has a maximum speed of 252 mph (406 km / h).
Volkswagen began to introduce some new models after Bernd Pischetsrieder they become CEO of Volkswagen Group in 2002. The sixth generation of VW Golf which was launched in 2008 was runner up "European Car of the Year" in 2009, while Opel / Vauxhall Insignia wins. Specification VW Golf also shared with several other models, such as the VW Jetta, VW Scirocco, SEAT Leon, SEAT Toledo, Skoda Octavia, Audi A3 and SEAT Altea. Another version of the Golf is the Golf GTI, a car "hot-hatch 'with 2.0L Fuel Stratified Injection turbocharger technology (FSI) injection. VW Golf with a re-marketing the Rabbit name in the U.S. and Canadian markets in the month of June 2006, its GTI version came four months later. The sixth generation VW Passat and the fifth generation Jetta was launched in 2005 in North America. After that, followed with the launch of the Jetta in 2008. Models under the leadership of Wolfgang Bernhard them Tiguan SUV in mid-2008 and VW Passat Coupé. In November 2006 Bernd Pischetsrieder announced that he resigned as CEO of Volkswagen Group and will be replaced by Audi CEO Martin Winterkorn at the beginning of 2007. Winterkorn is known for his dedication to making the Audi rivals from Mercedes-Benz and BMW in the premium car market. However, Volkswagen still has a fairly complex relationship with its shareholders and unions. The state of Lower Saxony owns 20% stake in the company. [16]
Volkswagen Passat facelift, the fifth generation
In North America, VW has many challenges. After a significant sales increase between 1998 and 2001, sales dropped to their next in 2005 they suffered an operating loss of 1 billion U.S. dollars in the U.S. and Canada. One reason is because the cars made their reliability has been questioned. In 2005, Consumer Reports states that the reliability rating VW cars almost at the bottom. J.D. Power and Associates also provide a ranking of 35 of the 37 brands surveyed. In 2002, VW unveiled the latest generation Phaeton. This car is generally recognized quality but received no response either in the market. VW also stop selling these cars in the U.S. market in 2007 because of disappointing sales figures.
2006 Volkswagen Jetta.
In 2005, despite numerous challenges, Volkswagen is still able to sell at least 224 195-car unit is still better than in 1993 where their sales in the United States only 49 333 units. Momentum came next in 2006. That year they could sell 235 140 vehicles, an annualized 4.9% over the previous year, while other American manufacturers suffered a decline in sales. So, selalin introduction of new cars, VW has also moved some of their automobile production sites. 2007 Volkswagen Eos is produced at a new plant in Portugal. All Golf / Rabbit and GTI produced in Wolfsburg, Germany, which previously produced in Puebla, Mexico, and Curitiba, Brazil. VW is also in the process of building a new assembly facility in Belgium. Whole new model and the improvements made this VW immediately responded positively by critics. Consumer Reports stated that the GTI is the best sports car under $ 25,000. Car and Driver magazine also includes Golf in the top 10 best cars of 2007. Other magazines, Automobile, named GTI as "Car of the Year" in 2007. Motor Trend magazine also reported that the VW Passat is the best car in its class. J. D. Power and Associates also increase the ranking of Volkswagen became the order of 14 in 2006.
The fifth generation Volkswagen Golf in the North American market.
Volkswagen is known as one of the leaders in small diesel engines, and partnered with Mercedes and several other companies to market separately BlueTEC diesel technology is environmentally friendly. Volkswagen's TDI technology has been installed (Turbocharged Direct Injection) diesel engines in them, and this machine is recognized keiritannya. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, four of the ten most efficient machines sold in the United States in 2004 were diesel engines owned by Volkswagen. Since 2007, VW no longer sell gasoline-fueled cars / electric like the Toyota Prius. In addition, all VW TDI diesel engines produced from 1996 to 2006 can use 100% biodiesel fuel. In 2007, because the regulations are increasingly stringent fuel in the United States, Volkswagen was forced to withdraw most diesel engines from the U.S. market. They quickly adapt to U.S. standards and returned to the U.S. market in 2009. Diesel engines on the market in 2009 was only limited to 5% of fuel biodiesel alone, to keep the warranty from Volkswagen.
2006 Volkswagen Eos hardtop convertible, 2006
Volkswagen has finally launched also their Volkswagen Touareg SUV in the early 2000's. Components are shared with the Porsche SUV Cayenne and Audi Q7. Although the car is recognized when control is good, but sales are not so good. Some auto analysts say that this is due to the absence of third-row seat on the Touareg, fuel efficiency is relatively wasteful, and the great weight of the vehicle. VW plans to add another compact SUV, which was dated July 20, 2006 finally announced that it will be named Tiguan SUV.
Month of September 2006, Volkswagen began selling the City Golf and City Jetta specifically for the Canadian market. Both cars are actually MK4 Golf and Jetta, but later was replaced by Brazil cling of MK4 Golf and Bora. VW City Golf and City Jetta were introduced to compete with the Toyota Yaris and Honda Fit. Volkswagen itself to the introduction of such models is to test the market, and it later if successful, this will be the beginning for VW to get into the subcompact market.
VW 1L, lightweight concept vehicle that made for two people with a magnesium frame, will be available in June 2010 and available on a limited basis. Each component of this car was chosen to reduce the mass of the car. Aluminum brakes, carbon-fiber wheels and ceramic bearings, and some other components to make this car very light. In addition, to add to the better aerodynamics, the car was not equipped with a rearview mirror. Instead, the car is equipped with a camera that will feature visually through the LCD screen in the car. This car is very fuel efficient, each gallon of fuel (= 3.7-liter), can be used to take driving as far as 235 miles (378 km), while the contents of the tank itself only 1.7 gallons (liters 6:29), so about this car can travel a distance 640 miles once the content. Own maximum speed of around 120 km / h.In May 2011 Volkswagen VW Assembly Plant menginaugurasi Chattanooga. The plant will produce cars specifically the North American market, first starting with the Volkswagen New Midsize Sedan, which plans to compete with the Toyota Camry sedan and Honda Accord. Production planned to start in early 2011. [17]Dated December 9, 2009, Volkswagen AG and Suzuki agreed on a strategic cooperation agreement. Volkswagen will buy 19.9% stake owned by Suzuki. [18]Month of February 2010, Volkswagen announced the latest generation Polo BlueMotion with a common rail diesel engine 3 cylinder capacity of 1200 cc. This car generates power by 75 PS and torque of 133 ft · lbf (180 N · m) of 2000 rpm. This car has the fuel emissions of 91g/km for CO2 and fuel efficiency of 80.7 miles per gallon (1 liter: 34.9 km). [19]
[Edit] OperationsVolkswagen is a major international company to expand its business into different countries and markets. Volkswagen headquarters in Wolfsburg, Germany. Volkswagen Group, the parent of Volkswagen AG, has several other automotive companies, including Audi, SEAT, Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti, Scania, and Skoda Auto.
Currently Volkswagen is Europe's largest automotive company. In the long term, Volkswagen's market share is always above 20 percent. [20] In the world, currently VW came in third world, behind Toyota and GM in 2009. [21] In 2010, Volkswagen, reported sales of 6, 29 million vehicles and get a world market share of 11.4%. [22] The major markets include the German Volkswagen and China. [23] After passing Ford in 2008, Volkswagen became the third largest automotive company in the world. [24] Volkswagen has targeted for increase its market share in the USA from 2% to 4% in 2014, [25] and is targeting to become the world's largest automotive company in 2018. [26]
[Edit] Ownership
Volkswagen is a publicly traded company. Corporate ownership structure is very complex. The table below will show the portion of Volkswagen ownership. It should be noted that Porsche Automobil Holding GmbH and Porsche is not identical with Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, Porsche car maker. Porsche Automobil Holding is owned by the Porsche family, Keemiratan Qatar, and 49.9% owned by Volkswagen AG. Porsche GmbH was sold to Volkswagen AG. [27]
Ownership of shares owned by
50.76% as of January 30, 2009 Porsche Automobil Holding
2.37% as of January 30, 2009 Porsche Holding GmbH
20:26% as of February 16, 2008 The state of Lower Saxony
17% as of 18. Dec 2009 Keemiratan Qatar
9.61% owned by public
[Edit] Around the world
Volkswagen has a plant in many countries around the world, both production and assembly plant for the local market. Volkswagen's factory spread over Germany, Slovakia, China, India, Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Poland, Mexico, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and South Africa. Volkswagen also has a new plant in the United States. In 2011, VW was recorded in the list of 25 largest companies in the world by Forbes Global 2000. [28] [29]
[Edit] Relationship with Porsche
Volkswagen has always had a close relationship with Porsche, the sports car company headquartered in Zuffenhausen was founded by Ferdinand Porsche in 1931. Ferdinand Porsche himself an early designer and founder of the company Volkswagen. The first Porsche cars, Porsche 64 in 1938, using many components from the Volkswagen Beetle. Porsche 356 1948 VW uses many components, including engine, gearbox and suspension.
The two companies are collaborating again in 1969 to make the VW-Porsche 914 and 914-6, 914-6 use Porsche's 6-cylinder engine, while using the standard 914's 4-cylinder Volkswagen engine. In 1976, Porsche 912E (specifically the U.S.) and the Porsche 924, using many components from the Audi and the Audi manufactured in Neckarsulm. Many Porsche 944 is also made there.
Porsche Cayenne, was first introduced in 2002, sharing the chassis with the VW Touareg and Audi Q7.
Month of September 2005, Porsche announced that it will raise the portion of their shares of 5% to 20%, worth 3 billion euros, so the majority of Volkswagen's stock ownership by foreign parties is impossible. [30] In July 2006, Porsche added another shareholding to 25.1%.
Dated May 6, 2009, Porsche and Volkswagen decided to join through merger.
[Edit] Museum
Since 1985, Volkswagen AG has opened AutoMuseum Volkswagen in Wolfsburg, which contains a museum about the history of Volkswagen. [31]
[Edit] Volkswagen Products
[Edit] Cars
Volkswagen sells the various ranks of cars in several classes, such as sedan, MPV, truck, car or coupe. Their products vary widely, from cars supermini Polo, Golf compact car, mid-size car the Jetta and Passat, and full-size car Phaeton. SUV Tiguan and Touareg them.
[Edit] Clean Diesel
A Volkswagen Polo BlueMotion tech
Volkswagen already sells diesel-engined cars with diesel fuel sulfur content is very low since 2003. [32] VW has developed a technology Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) in their diesel engines, along with a variety of powertrain as well. Because modern diesel engines more efficient 30% of the gasoline engine, the emissions of greenhouse gases generated is also less. [33] Volkswagen is also developing hybrid technology for diesel-electric engines. [33] A concept car VW Golf with a turbo-diesel hybrid was on display in the event the Geneva Motor Show in 2008. This concept car has a fuel efficiency up to 70 miles per gallon U.S. (3.3 liters per 100 km). [34]
Volkswagen America to promote that they have developed a "clean diesels" and other technologies, to help boost car sales in the United States among people who care about the environment. One of the cars that they are promoting is a 2009 Volkswagen Jetta TDI, which has a 4 cylinder 16 valve engines common rail technology which will reduce emissions to 90 percent. Stefan Jacoby, CEO of Volkswagen America, said that this car will also be provided in the version of the sedan and sport-wagon. [35]
[Edit] Vehicles of pure ethanol
The prototype of ethanol-fueled vehicles was developed by Volkswagen do Brasil in 1978.
Volkswagen do Brasil used to produce and sell pure alcohol-fueled vehicles in Brazil, but it's been discontinued since they were replaced with more modern technology is a flexible fuel vehicle. As a response to the 1973 oil crisis, the Brazilian government began promoting bioethanol as fuel alcohol, and the National Alcohol Program-Álcool-Pro-(Portuguese: Programa Nacional do Álcool) was launched in 1975. [36] [37] [38] Coupled with the Energy Crisis of 1979, pure ethanol fueled vehicles also finally launched in 1979. [36] [37] Machine-modified gasoline engine that can use ethanol fuel. Changes made to the engine include a change in compression ratio, the amount of fuel injected, replacement of materials that can rust when in contact with alcohol, the use of colder spark plug in order to dissipate the heat caused by high temperatures, and an additional contact system that helps injecting fuel from a small tank in the engine compartment, thus helping the process of contacting the car. Six years later, three-quarters of passenger cars manufactured in Brazil with ethanol-fueled engines. [36] [39]
Production and sales of pure alcohol fueled vehicles began to fall in 1987, when gasoline prices fall dramatically as a result of the events of 1980's excess oil. In addition, the rising price of sugar in the market led to the production of ethanol from sugar cane turned into sugar production. In mid 1989, because the supply of ethanol fuel is less and less in the market ultimately force consumers to queue at a fuel station, or just leave their car in the garage because it ran out of fuel. This causes the consumer to leave the vehicle ethanol. [38] [40]
[Edit] flexible fuel vehicles (Flex-fuel vehicles)
VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex 2003 is a multi-fuel cars in Brazil first, this car can use gasoline and pure ethanol (E100).
Month of March 2003, in celebration of the fifth puluhnya, Volkswagen do Brasil launched a local product that is Gol 1.6 Total Flex, multi-fuel cars in Brazil first, which can operate using gasoline and ethanol. [41] [42] [43] [44] After re-assured supply of ethanol, the consumer confidence on the cars of ethanol-fueled increases. Two fuel technology was quickly adopted its use. The Brazilian government itself has facilitated infrastructure for ethanol fuel at 30,000 gas stations located throughout Brazil, as part of the Pro-Álcool program. [45] [46]
Due to the successful acceptance of the cars are multi fuel by consumers, in 2005, VW managed to sell 293 523 units of mixed-fueled cars, and they only sold 53 074 units of gasoline-fueled cars. [47] In 2007, total sales increased to 525 838 units of multi-fuel cars and only sold 13 672 units that only use gasoline. [48] In 2008, VW sold 564 959 units of multi-fuel cars, and that number is 96% of their total sales. [49] VW do Brasil eventually stop producing cars that only gasoline in 2006, [42] and gasoline-fueled cars were imported through the import. Models with multi fuel sold is Gol, Fox, CrossFox, Parati, Polo Hatch, Polo Sedan, Saveiro, Golf and Kombi. [50] In March 2009, Volkswagen do Brasil has sold 2 million units of multi-fuel vehicles , after the car went on sale in 2003.
Volkswagen Passat facelift, the fifth generation
In North America, VW has many challenges. After a significant sales increase between 1998 and 2001, sales dropped to their next in 2005 they suffered an operating loss of 1 billion U.S. dollars in the U.S. and Canada. One reason is because the cars made their reliability has been questioned. In 2005, Consumer Reports states that the reliability rating VW cars almost at the bottom. J.D. Power and Associates also provide a ranking of 35 of the 37 brands surveyed. In 2002, VW unveiled the latest generation Phaeton. This car is generally recognized quality but received no response either in the market. VW also stop selling these cars in the U.S. market in 2007 because of disappointing sales figures.
2006 Volkswagen Jetta.
In 2005, despite numerous challenges, Volkswagen is still able to sell at least 224 195-car unit is still better than in 1993 where their sales in the United States only 49 333 units. Momentum came next in 2006. That year they could sell 235 140 vehicles, an annualized 4.9% over the previous year, while other American manufacturers suffered a decline in sales. So, selalin introduction of new cars, VW has also moved some of their automobile production sites. 2007 Volkswagen Eos is produced at a new plant in Portugal. All Golf / Rabbit and GTI produced in Wolfsburg, Germany, which previously produced in Puebla, Mexico, and Curitiba, Brazil. VW is also in the process of building a new assembly facility in Belgium. Whole new model and the improvements made this VW immediately responded positively by critics. Consumer Reports stated that the GTI is the best sports car under $ 25,000. Car and Driver magazine also includes Golf in the top 10 best cars of 2007. Other magazines, Automobile, named GTI as "Car of the Year" in 2007. Motor Trend magazine also reported that the VW Passat is the best car in its class. J. D. Power and Associates also increase the ranking of Volkswagen became the order of 14 in 2006.
The fifth generation Volkswagen Golf in the North American market.
Volkswagen is known as one of the leaders in small diesel engines, and partnered with Mercedes and several other companies to market separately BlueTEC diesel technology is environmentally friendly. Volkswagen's TDI technology has been installed (Turbocharged Direct Injection) diesel engines in them, and this machine is recognized keiritannya. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, four of the ten most efficient machines sold in the United States in 2004 were diesel engines owned by Volkswagen. Since 2007, VW no longer sell gasoline-fueled cars / electric like the Toyota Prius. In addition, all VW TDI diesel engines produced from 1996 to 2006 can use 100% biodiesel fuel. In 2007, because the regulations are increasingly stringent fuel in the United States, Volkswagen was forced to withdraw most diesel engines from the U.S. market. They quickly adapt to U.S. standards and returned to the U.S. market in 2009. Diesel engines on the market in 2009 was only limited to 5% of fuel biodiesel alone, to keep the warranty from Volkswagen.
2006 Volkswagen Eos hardtop convertible, 2006
Volkswagen has finally launched also their Volkswagen Touareg SUV in the early 2000's. Components are shared with the Porsche SUV Cayenne and Audi Q7. Although the car is recognized when control is good, but sales are not so good. Some auto analysts say that this is due to the absence of third-row seat on the Touareg, fuel efficiency is relatively wasteful, and the great weight of the vehicle. VW plans to add another compact SUV, which was dated July 20, 2006 finally announced that it will be named Tiguan SUV.
Month of September 2006, Volkswagen began selling the City Golf and City Jetta specifically for the Canadian market. Both cars are actually MK4 Golf and Jetta, but later was replaced by Brazil cling of MK4 Golf and Bora. VW City Golf and City Jetta were introduced to compete with the Toyota Yaris and Honda Fit. Volkswagen itself to the introduction of such models is to test the market, and it later if successful, this will be the beginning for VW to get into the subcompact market.
VW 1L, lightweight concept vehicle that made for two people with a magnesium frame, will be available in June 2010 and available on a limited basis. Each component of this car was chosen to reduce the mass of the car. Aluminum brakes, carbon-fiber wheels and ceramic bearings, and some other components to make this car very light. In addition, to add to the better aerodynamics, the car was not equipped with a rearview mirror. Instead, the car is equipped with a camera that will feature visually through the LCD screen in the car. This car is very fuel efficient, each gallon of fuel (= 3.7-liter), can be used to take driving as far as 235 miles (378 km), while the contents of the tank itself only 1.7 gallons (liters 6:29), so about this car can travel a distance 640 miles once the content. Own maximum speed of around 120 km / h.In May 2011 Volkswagen VW Assembly Plant menginaugurasi Chattanooga. The plant will produce cars specifically the North American market, first starting with the Volkswagen New Midsize Sedan, which plans to compete with the Toyota Camry sedan and Honda Accord. Production planned to start in early 2011. [17]Dated December 9, 2009, Volkswagen AG and Suzuki agreed on a strategic cooperation agreement. Volkswagen will buy 19.9% stake owned by Suzuki. [18]Month of February 2010, Volkswagen announced the latest generation Polo BlueMotion with a common rail diesel engine 3 cylinder capacity of 1200 cc. This car generates power by 75 PS and torque of 133 ft · lbf (180 N · m) of 2000 rpm. This car has the fuel emissions of 91g/km for CO2 and fuel efficiency of 80.7 miles per gallon (1 liter: 34.9 km). [19]
[Edit] OperationsVolkswagen is a major international company to expand its business into different countries and markets. Volkswagen headquarters in Wolfsburg, Germany. Volkswagen Group, the parent of Volkswagen AG, has several other automotive companies, including Audi, SEAT, Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti, Scania, and Skoda Auto.
Currently Volkswagen is Europe's largest automotive company. In the long term, Volkswagen's market share is always above 20 percent. [20] In the world, currently VW came in third world, behind Toyota and GM in 2009. [21] In 2010, Volkswagen, reported sales of 6, 29 million vehicles and get a world market share of 11.4%. [22] The major markets include the German Volkswagen and China. [23] After passing Ford in 2008, Volkswagen became the third largest automotive company in the world. [24] Volkswagen has targeted for increase its market share in the USA from 2% to 4% in 2014, [25] and is targeting to become the world's largest automotive company in 2018. [26]
[Edit] Ownership
Volkswagen is a publicly traded company. Corporate ownership structure is very complex. The table below will show the portion of Volkswagen ownership. It should be noted that Porsche Automobil Holding GmbH and Porsche is not identical with Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, Porsche car maker. Porsche Automobil Holding is owned by the Porsche family, Keemiratan Qatar, and 49.9% owned by Volkswagen AG. Porsche GmbH was sold to Volkswagen AG. [27]
Ownership of shares owned by
50.76% as of January 30, 2009 Porsche Automobil Holding
2.37% as of January 30, 2009 Porsche Holding GmbH
20:26% as of February 16, 2008 The state of Lower Saxony
17% as of 18. Dec 2009 Keemiratan Qatar
9.61% owned by public
[Edit] Around the world
Volkswagen has a plant in many countries around the world, both production and assembly plant for the local market. Volkswagen's factory spread over Germany, Slovakia, China, India, Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Poland, Mexico, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and South Africa. Volkswagen also has a new plant in the United States. In 2011, VW was recorded in the list of 25 largest companies in the world by Forbes Global 2000. [28] [29]
[Edit] Relationship with Porsche
Volkswagen has always had a close relationship with Porsche, the sports car company headquartered in Zuffenhausen was founded by Ferdinand Porsche in 1931. Ferdinand Porsche himself an early designer and founder of the company Volkswagen. The first Porsche cars, Porsche 64 in 1938, using many components from the Volkswagen Beetle. Porsche 356 1948 VW uses many components, including engine, gearbox and suspension.
The two companies are collaborating again in 1969 to make the VW-Porsche 914 and 914-6, 914-6 use Porsche's 6-cylinder engine, while using the standard 914's 4-cylinder Volkswagen engine. In 1976, Porsche 912E (specifically the U.S.) and the Porsche 924, using many components from the Audi and the Audi manufactured in Neckarsulm. Many Porsche 944 is also made there.
Porsche Cayenne, was first introduced in 2002, sharing the chassis with the VW Touareg and Audi Q7.
Month of September 2005, Porsche announced that it will raise the portion of their shares of 5% to 20%, worth 3 billion euros, so the majority of Volkswagen's stock ownership by foreign parties is impossible. [30] In July 2006, Porsche added another shareholding to 25.1%.
Dated May 6, 2009, Porsche and Volkswagen decided to join through merger.
[Edit] Museum
Since 1985, Volkswagen AG has opened AutoMuseum Volkswagen in Wolfsburg, which contains a museum about the history of Volkswagen. [31]
[Edit] Volkswagen Products
[Edit] Cars
Volkswagen sells the various ranks of cars in several classes, such as sedan, MPV, truck, car or coupe. Their products vary widely, from cars supermini Polo, Golf compact car, mid-size car the Jetta and Passat, and full-size car Phaeton. SUV Tiguan and Touareg them.
[Edit] Clean Diesel
A Volkswagen Polo BlueMotion tech
Volkswagen already sells diesel-engined cars with diesel fuel sulfur content is very low since 2003. [32] VW has developed a technology Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) in their diesel engines, along with a variety of powertrain as well. Because modern diesel engines more efficient 30% of the gasoline engine, the emissions of greenhouse gases generated is also less. [33] Volkswagen is also developing hybrid technology for diesel-electric engines. [33] A concept car VW Golf with a turbo-diesel hybrid was on display in the event the Geneva Motor Show in 2008. This concept car has a fuel efficiency up to 70 miles per gallon U.S. (3.3 liters per 100 km). [34]
Volkswagen America to promote that they have developed a "clean diesels" and other technologies, to help boost car sales in the United States among people who care about the environment. One of the cars that they are promoting is a 2009 Volkswagen Jetta TDI, which has a 4 cylinder 16 valve engines common rail technology which will reduce emissions to 90 percent. Stefan Jacoby, CEO of Volkswagen America, said that this car will also be provided in the version of the sedan and sport-wagon. [35]
[Edit] Vehicles of pure ethanol
The prototype of ethanol-fueled vehicles was developed by Volkswagen do Brasil in 1978.
Volkswagen do Brasil used to produce and sell pure alcohol-fueled vehicles in Brazil, but it's been discontinued since they were replaced with more modern technology is a flexible fuel vehicle. As a response to the 1973 oil crisis, the Brazilian government began promoting bioethanol as fuel alcohol, and the National Alcohol Program-Álcool-Pro-(Portuguese: Programa Nacional do Álcool) was launched in 1975. [36] [37] [38] Coupled with the Energy Crisis of 1979, pure ethanol fueled vehicles also finally launched in 1979. [36] [37] Machine-modified gasoline engine that can use ethanol fuel. Changes made to the engine include a change in compression ratio, the amount of fuel injected, replacement of materials that can rust when in contact with alcohol, the use of colder spark plug in order to dissipate the heat caused by high temperatures, and an additional contact system that helps injecting fuel from a small tank in the engine compartment, thus helping the process of contacting the car. Six years later, three-quarters of passenger cars manufactured in Brazil with ethanol-fueled engines. [36] [39]
Production and sales of pure alcohol fueled vehicles began to fall in 1987, when gasoline prices fall dramatically as a result of the events of 1980's excess oil. In addition, the rising price of sugar in the market led to the production of ethanol from sugar cane turned into sugar production. In mid 1989, because the supply of ethanol fuel is less and less in the market ultimately force consumers to queue at a fuel station, or just leave their car in the garage because it ran out of fuel. This causes the consumer to leave the vehicle ethanol. [38] [40]
[Edit] flexible fuel vehicles (Flex-fuel vehicles)
VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex 2003 is a multi-fuel cars in Brazil first, this car can use gasoline and pure ethanol (E100).
Month of March 2003, in celebration of the fifth puluhnya, Volkswagen do Brasil launched a local product that is Gol 1.6 Total Flex, multi-fuel cars in Brazil first, which can operate using gasoline and ethanol. [41] [42] [43] [44] After re-assured supply of ethanol, the consumer confidence on the cars of ethanol-fueled increases. Two fuel technology was quickly adopted its use. The Brazilian government itself has facilitated infrastructure for ethanol fuel at 30,000 gas stations located throughout Brazil, as part of the Pro-Álcool program. [45] [46]
Due to the successful acceptance of the cars are multi fuel by consumers, in 2005, VW managed to sell 293 523 units of mixed-fueled cars, and they only sold 53 074 units of gasoline-fueled cars. [47] In 2007, total sales increased to 525 838 units of multi-fuel cars and only sold 13 672 units that only use gasoline. [48] In 2008, VW sold 564 959 units of multi-fuel cars, and that number is 96% of their total sales. [49] VW do Brasil eventually stop producing cars that only gasoline in 2006, [42] and gasoline-fueled cars were imported through the import. Models with multi fuel sold is Gol, Fox, CrossFox, Parati, Polo Hatch, Polo Sedan, Saveiro, Golf and Kombi. [50] In March 2009, Volkswagen do Brasil has sold 2 million units of multi-fuel vehicles , after the car went on sale in 2003.
VW Volkswagen beetle
Volkswagen Beetle, or the Volkswagen Type 1, is a small car manufactured by Volkswagen. Also known as the VW Beetle Bug in Indonesia or in English, or Kafer in Germany, VW Beetle is one of the most recognizable car in the world, due to its distinctive, unique sound, and reliability.
VW Beetle produced from 1938 to 2003, although interrupted by World War II. In the span of this long period, more than 21 million VW Beetle made.
In an international poll for the award of the most influential car, VW Beetle was ranked fourth after the Ford Model T, the Mini and the Citroën DS.
VW Beetle produced from 1938 to 2003, although interrupted by World War II. In the span of this long period, more than 21 million VW Beetle made.
In an international poll for the award of the most influential car, VW Beetle was ranked fourth after the Ford Model T, the Mini and the Citroën DS.
sejarah VW Volkswagen beetle
The origin of this car dating back to Nazi Germany in the 1930s. Adolf Hitler wanted to be a personal vehicle available to the general public and assigning an engineer, Ferdinand Porsche to design a vehicle. Hitler requires that these vehicles must be capable of transporting two adults and three young children, at a speed of 100 km / h, and the price does not exceed the price plus the price of a motorcycle pillion passenger side of the motorcycle at the time.
Actual car designers are still controversial, because although officially Ferdinand Porsche was the designer, in the 1920s, Joseph Ganz had designed a similar car. The car is smaller and less expensive, but car makers are not interested, just two motorcycle manufacturers who are interested. Adler produced Maikäfer, Superior and Standard producing, in advertisements and campaign as 'Der Deutsche Volkswagen' (the German people's car).
When the Nazis came to power, they like Superior, but not long after, Joseph Ganz put into prison. (He later fled to Switzerland). Possible reasons for Nazi imprisonment Ganz is aware that he was a Jew. Nazi government then approached Porsche, who designed a prototype car that is similar to the Superior, called Kafer. According to Volkswagen, not only Ganz who has designed a car with a similar design, and Kafer itself is not designed based on the design of Ganz.
Volkswagen company can survive after World War to the efforts of a British soldier, Major Ivan Hirst. After the war, Hirst was ordered to head the factory that has been corrupted and controlled by the Allies bombed the United States. Beginning with its throwing an unexploded bomb lodged in the machinery of production, he then managed to convince the British armed forces to order 20,000 cars. In 1946, the plant has been able to produce 1,000 cars per month.
Production VW Beetle "Type 1" is growing rapidly from year to year, and in 1954 reached 1 million cars. In 1973, production had reached 16 million, and the popularity of cars has spread across the world. This car has a nickname that is different in each country, his name is usually a term that tries to portray the unique shape: Kafer in Germany; Sedan, then Fusca in Brazil; Coccinelle in France; Σκαθάρι (Scathari meaning beetle) or Σκαραβαίος (Scaraveos which means beetle species Scarabaeidae) in Greece; Maggiolino in Italy; sedan or Vocho in Mexico; Kever in the Netherlands; kotseng Cuba (which means 'the humpback car') / "pagong" (turtle) in the Philippines; Garbus (which means 'Hunchback') in Poland; Brouk in the Czech Republic; Carocha in Portugal; Escarabajo in Spain and Latin America; Hipushit in Israel; Косτенурка (Kostenurka) in Bulgaria (which means turtle); عقروقة (Ag-ru-ga) in Iraq; Boble (bubble) in Norway; Buba in Croatia: Bug in the United States, and of course the Beetle in Indonesia.
Actual car designers are still controversial, because although officially Ferdinand Porsche was the designer, in the 1920s, Joseph Ganz had designed a similar car. The car is smaller and less expensive, but car makers are not interested, just two motorcycle manufacturers who are interested. Adler produced Maikäfer, Superior and Standard producing, in advertisements and campaign as 'Der Deutsche Volkswagen' (the German people's car).
When the Nazis came to power, they like Superior, but not long after, Joseph Ganz put into prison. (He later fled to Switzerland). Possible reasons for Nazi imprisonment Ganz is aware that he was a Jew. Nazi government then approached Porsche, who designed a prototype car that is similar to the Superior, called Kafer. According to Volkswagen, not only Ganz who has designed a car with a similar design, and Kafer itself is not designed based on the design of Ganz.
Volkswagen company can survive after World War to the efforts of a British soldier, Major Ivan Hirst. After the war, Hirst was ordered to head the factory that has been corrupted and controlled by the Allies bombed the United States. Beginning with its throwing an unexploded bomb lodged in the machinery of production, he then managed to convince the British armed forces to order 20,000 cars. In 1946, the plant has been able to produce 1,000 cars per month.
Production VW Beetle "Type 1" is growing rapidly from year to year, and in 1954 reached 1 million cars. In 1973, production had reached 16 million, and the popularity of cars has spread across the world. This car has a nickname that is different in each country, his name is usually a term that tries to portray the unique shape: Kafer in Germany; Sedan, then Fusca in Brazil; Coccinelle in France; Σκαθάρι (Scathari meaning beetle) or Σκαραβαίος (Scaraveos which means beetle species Scarabaeidae) in Greece; Maggiolino in Italy; sedan or Vocho in Mexico; Kever in the Netherlands; kotseng Cuba (which means 'the humpback car') / "pagong" (turtle) in the Philippines; Garbus (which means 'Hunchback') in Poland; Brouk in the Czech Republic; Carocha in Portugal; Escarabajo in Spain and Latin America; Hipushit in Israel; Косτенурка (Kostenurka) in Bulgaria (which means turtle); عقروقة (Ag-ru-ga) in Iraq; Boble (bubble) in Norway; Buba in Croatia: Bug in the United States, and of course the Beetle in Indonesia.
Volkswagen Golf Mk3
Volkswagen Golf MK3 is a third generation car was launched in Europe in November 1991 (in United Kingdom in March 1992), and in North America spring 1993. Third-generation Golf and Jetta appeared in the North American market first in 1993 in San Diego, California and Canada, after which the remainder in 1994. MK3 Cabrio Volkswagen Cabriolet in place until 2002, then replace it with a Volkswagen convertible version of the Volkswagen New Beetle.
European Car of the Year
Golf MK3 won the European Car of the Year 1992 - Volkswagen's first car that managed to get this award.
European Car of the Year
Golf MK3 won the European Car of the Year 1992 - Volkswagen's first car that managed to get this award.
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